cat scratch disease pathogenesis

Cat-Scratch Fever Causes. The most common pathogen associated with cat scratch disease is Bartonella spp., . Describe the pathophysiology of cat scratch disease. Landes M, Maor Y, Mercer D, Habot-Wilner Z, Bilavsky E, et al. Cat scratch disease shows seasonal variation with 70-90% of cases occurring in fall and early winter months, possibly due to midsummer rise in cat offspring andincreased flea infestation. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2009 Sept;58(RR11):1-166. 2006 Feb. 30(2):274-5. . Your veterinarian can tell you whether your cat requires testing or treatment. Although rare, < 2% of cases, a wide range of neurological manifestations have been described including encephalopathy, cerebellar ataxia, radiculitis and transverse myelitis. The site of the wound can become swollen, red, and warm for . PubMed . Cat scratch disease can be treated by antibiotics. Transmitted by cat bites or scratches. Atypical presentations are characterized by a variety of neurologic manifestations as well as granulomatous involvement of the eye, liver, spleen, and bone. Found inside – Page iThis book is the only academic text designed specifically to meet this challenge by targeting learners at all levels. To do this, the text incorporate 30-40 common clinical infectious disease scenarios in both adult and pediatric hosts. Status Epilepticus Due to Cat Scratch Disease: Recognition, Diagnosis, and Thoughts on Pathogenesis Pediatr Emerg Care . CSD occurs wherever cats and fleas are found. Approximately 10% of patients with CSD require hospitalization [].CSD is typically a disease of children and adolescents, with most patients being aged <21 years [2, 3].The principal etiologic agent is Bartonella henselae. One patient had a focal cerebral abnormality on neurologic examination, EEG, and computed axial tomography. Unraveling mysteries associated with cat-scratch disease, bacillary angiomatosis, and related syndromes. Talk to your doctor about testing and treatments for CSD. Found insideVascular Responses to Pathogens focuses on the growing research from leaders in the field for both the short and long-term impact of pathogens on the vasculature. 2021 Aug 6;21(1):765. doi: 10.1186/s12879-021-06488-8. About three to 14 days after the skin is broken, a mild infection can occur at the site of the scratch or bite. Your healthcare provider will figure out the best treatment based on: Most healthy people don’t have complications from cat scratch fever. Saving Lives, Protecting People, Cat-scratch disease in children—Texas, September 2000–August 2001, Unraveling mysteries associated with cat-scratch disease, bacillary angiomatosis, and related syndromes, Epidemiologic notes and reports encephalitis associated with cat scratch disease — Broward and Palm Beach Counties, Florida, 1994, Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections among HIV-exposed and HIV-infected children, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), Information about COVID-19, Pets, & Other Animals, Safe Handling of Pet Reptiles & Amphibians, People at Higher Risk for Illness from Animals, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. To the Editor: Case Record 22-1992 (May 28 issue)1 described a 6 1/2-year-old girl with a diagnosis of cat scratch disease. Cat-scratch disease is a bacterial disease caused by Bartonella henselae. Overview. This unique volume offers a thorough and current review of information on the pathogenesis and immune response elicited by memebers of the genera Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, Coxiella, Orlentia, and Bartonella, in contributions authored by the ... Bartonella henslae is the presumptive etiologic agent of cat-scratch disease. In 1931 Debré observed the occurrence of regional lymphadenopathy following cat scratches, then 20 years later published a report of "la maladie des griffe du . Cat-scratch disease and related clinical syndromes. At the visit, write down the name of a new diagnosis, and any new medicines, treatments, or tests. Over the last 20 years, however, the discovery and use of modern diagnostic tests has greatly expanded our understanding of the pathogenesis, clinical spectrum, and treatment options for Bartonella infections of all types. velop atypical cat-scratch disease, and little is known about its epidemiology. About 40% of cats and kittens carry Bartonella henselae in their mouths or under their claws. Perkins BA, Swaminathan B, Jackson LA, et al. 273(8):614. . The germ spreads to people when infected cats bite or scratch a person hard enough to break their skin. 5 Aug 2004 19:17 AR AR224-MI58-15.tex AR224-MI58-15.sgm LaTeX2e(2002/01/18) P1: IKH BARTONELLA PATHOGENESIS 369 transmission occurs mainly by the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis (26). In 50-90% of cases, a 0.5- to 1-cm brownish papule or pustule forms at the site of the scratch or bite and is considered an indicator of cat-scratch disease. 22,000 cases of cat scratch disease with highest attack rate in those under the age of 108,9. More than 90% of patients with CSD have a recent history of contact with a cat, usually a kitten, and about 75% of these patients give a history of cat scratch or bite. Most people with cat-scratch disease have a history of bites, scratches or other contact with cats, especially cats less than 1 year old. Biofilms are also known to form in the cat flea vector; hence, the ability of this . Know the reason for your visit and what you want to happen. JAMA. Cat scratch disease (CSD) is a bacterial infection spread by cats. What is the pathogenesis for Cat Scratch Disease? Wash cat bites and scratches right away with soap and running water. Bookshelf The bacterium is excreted through the flea and into its feces, which it leaves on the cat's skin. Joseph G. Morelli MD, in Color Textbook of Pediatric Dermatology (Fourth Edition), 2007 Pathogenesis. An enlarged lymph node in the armpit region of a person with cat scratch disease, and partially healed wounds from a cat scratch on the hand. The bacteria are passed from an infected cat to a human after the cat licks an open wound or bites or scratches human skin hard enough to break the surface of the skin. Syndrome of Rochali-maea henselae adenitis suggesting cat-scratch . Cat scratch fever, also called cat scratch disease (CSD), is a bacterial infection. She recently adopted a cat from the shelter 3 months ago . Found insideIncludes clinical images of nearly all 275 diagnoses discussed in the book, ensuring a better understanding of the clinical appearance of these lesions correlated with their major histologic and clinical differential diagnoses Features 103 ... Abstract. Even if little is known about Cat-scratch disease pathogenesis, the role of immunological mechanisms was previously related and implication of both humoral and/or cellular immune responses in the . Atlas of Lymph Node Pathology reviews the histopathology of nodal diseases, illustrating the use of ancillary studies and includes concise discussions of pathogenesis, clinical settings and clinical significance of the pathologic diagnosis. Honeycutt, Harvey James Hamrick Department of Emergency Medicine This book covers all liver tumors and lesions that clinically and radiologically mimic liver tumors. The transmission of B henselae from cats to humans occurs via a scratch or bite when the bacterium is present on the cat's claws or oral cavity. Epub 2015 Jun 4. Most cats with B. henselae infection show NO signs of illness, but on rare occasions this disease can cause inflammation of the heart—making cats very sick with labored breathing. Tips to help you get the most from a visit to your healthcare provider: At Another Johns Hopkins Member Hospital: Treatment for Dog and Cat Bites and Scratches, Being around cats on a routine basis, especially kittens that are more playful and apt to accidentally scratch you, Not cleaning scratches or bites from a cat as soon as you get them, Allowing a cat to lick any open wounds that you have, A cat bite or scratch that becomes reddened or swollen within a few days and does not heal or worsens over time, Painful or swollen glands, especially under the arms (if scratched on the arm or hand), or in the groin (if scratched on the foot or leg), Flu-like symptoms including headache, decreased appetite, fatigue, joint pain, or fever, How well you can handle specific medicines, procedures, or therapies, How long the condition is expected to last. The disease gets its name because people contract it from cats infected with Bartonella henselae bacteria. This essential, authoritative handbook provides clear, accurate coverage of zoonoses — diseases that can spread from animals to humans. 1 Pathogenesis is attributed to various virulence factors including the production of serralysin (a protease enzyme), . Kittens younger than one year of age are more likely to scratch, increasing the likelihood of infection. Little is known about the organism's pathogenesis in long-lasting lymphadenopathy, but an immunopathogenesis is assumed ().B. Bartonella are bacteria that live within cells and find human beings quite hospitable. This clinically oriented manual assists practitioners in providing the highest standard of care for ICU patients. More than 150 recognized experts offer in-depth, authoritative guidance on clinical situations from a variety of perspectives. Emerging Infectious Diseases. Contact your doctor if you develop any symptoms of cat scratch disease or infection. In most cases, no antibiotics are needed, and the infection will clear on its own. Perkins BA, Swaminathan B, Jackson LA, et al. Schedule routine veterinary health check-ups. Dolan MJ, Wong MT, Regnery RL, et al. A cat scratch (found in 80% of children with cat-scratch disease), bite, or other contact may inoculate the bacteria into the skin. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199211263272215. Lymphadenopathy in a novel mouse model of Bartonella-induced cat scratch disease results from lymphocyte immigration and proliferation and is regulated by interferon-alpha/beta. [Bartonella (Rochalimaea) infections: cat-scratch disease and bacillary angiomatosis]. Epidemiologic notes and reports encephalitis associated with cat scratch disease — Broward and Palm Beach Counties, Florida, 1994. Found inside – Page 53Pathogenesis of cat scratch disease. N Engl J Med 1992;327:1599–1601. 40 Anderson B, Kelly C, Threlkel R, Edwards K: Detection of Rochalimaea henselae in ... Most infections usually occur after scratches from domestic or feral cats, especially kittens. CSD is typically not treated in otherwise healthy people. 16 year old boy with tender cervical adenopathy (Arch Pathol Lab Med 2005;129:1065) Confirmation of diagnosis of cat scratch disease by immunohistochemistry. Contacting a pest-control agent if necessary. Presents the knowledge and expertise of new editors Drs. Laura Nabarro, Stephen Morris-Jones, and David A. J. Moore. Know what to expect if you do not take the medicine or have the test or procedure. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Search for anything within the text, and have the results presented on screen in a few seconds. Unrivalled as the comprehensive, modern guide to all recognised Dermatological Diseases. Would you like email updates of new search results? About three to 14 days after the skin is broken, a mild infection can occur at the site of the scratch or bite. Before your visit, write down questions you want answered. Although rare, CSD can cause people to have serious complications. Wash cat bites and scratches well with soap and running water. Neurological presentations of Bartonella henselae infection. Cat-scratch disease is the most common cause of this syndrome. The agent of infection is Bartonella henselae. Cat scratch disease (CSD) is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the lymph nodes.It is typically caused by the bacteria bartonella (Bartonella henselae).It is usually transmitted by being scratched or bitten by a cat, but rarely, no scratch or bite is involved. These rare complications, which may require intensive treatment, are more likely to occur in children 5-14 years of age and people with weakened immune systems. Review the use of antibiotics in mild to moderate disease and the disseminated form of cat scratch disease. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 1599 -1601. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cat-scratch disease in children—Texas, September 2000–August 2001. . Am J Surg Pathol. Wash your hands with soap and running water after playing with your cat, especially if you live with young children or people with weakened immune systems. It is also commonly known as cat scratch disease (CSD), or "cat scratch fever." This is a zoonotic disease, meaning that it can be transmitted between animals and humans. The study of Cat-scratch Disease has been mentioned in research publications which can be found using our bioinformatics tool below. Check for fleas by using a flea comb on your cat to inspect for flea dirt. Symptoms and Signs of Cat-Scratch Disease. The bacterium is excreted through the flea and into its feces, which it leaves on the cat's skin. B. henselae has been shown to form a biofilm in vitro that likely plays a role in the establishment and persistence of the bacterium in the host. Also know what the side effects are. Cat scratch disease (CSD) is a ubiquitous, self-limited infection characterized by prolonged regional lymphadenitis and often an inoculation site papule, usually after a cat's (frequently a kitten's) scratch or bite, and caused primarily by Bartonella henselae. Parinaud first described conjunctival inflammation with preauricular adenopathy following animal contact more than 100 years ago. It is estimated that there are at least 24,000 cases of Cat Scratch Disease per year in the U.S. in humans. (The disease, not the popular song from the 1970s sung by Ted Nugent.) Created by InShot:https://inshotapp.com/share/youtube.htmlCat Scratch Disease | Pathogenesis | Clinical Symptoms | Diagnosis | Prevention #CatScratchDisea. Am Fam Physician. Rostad CA, McElroy AK, Hilinski JA, Thompson MP, Drew CP, Denison AM, Zaki SR, Mahle WT, Rogers J, Abramowsky CR, Shehata B. Transpl Infect Dis. Subscription-based access is available. The electronic version begins with an online implementation of the content found in the printed reference work, The Prokaryotes, Second Edition. Bartonella henselae-mediated disease in solid organ transplant recipients: two pediatric cases and a literature review. Found insideThis open access book deals with imaging of the abdomen and pelvis, an area that has seen considerable advances over the past several years, driven by clinical as well as technological developments. Found insideThis book addresses a wide range of topics relating to head and neck and endocrine surgery, including: maxillofacial injuries, surgery of the scalp, surgery of the salivary glands, jaw tumors, surgery of the oral cavity (lips, tongue, floor ... Cats can also become infected by fighting with other cats that are infected. 34 Rarely B. quintana rather than B. henselae is the cause of oculoglandular syndrome of Parinaud. In cats, the disease is generally transmitted through contact with flea feces. Pathogenesis Etiology. In cats, the disease is generally transmitted through contact with flea feces. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Since cats less than one year of age are more likely to have CSD and spread it to people, persons with a weakened immune system should adopt cats older than one year of age. Found inside – Page 59... patients can result in cat-scratch disease Pathogenesis • Domestic cats are major reservoir for B. henselae ○ Transmitted by cat fleas from cat to cat ... 1999 May;134(5):635-8. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(99)70252-0. 1997 Apr;55(5):1783-9, 1793-4. Features information on Cat Scratch Disease, provided by Alan Gandy. Discusses causes, pathogenesis, clinical features, and treatment. 273(8):614. . Encephalitis associated with cat scratch disease--Broward and Palm Beach counties, Florida, 1994. Cat scratch disease can be treated by antibiotics. Despite the publication of a number of case reports since the 1950s, physician awareness of the unique relationship between cat scratch disease (CSD) and acute encephalopathy remains limited. This book will be a significant asset to any veterinary library! Offers a practical, clinically oriented resource for the unique diagnostic and treatment challenges posed by pediatric and juvenile animal patients. Found insideA full-color, case-based review of the essentials of pathophysiology--covering all major organs and systems The goal of this trusted text is to introduce you to clinical medicine by reviewing the pathophysiologic basis of 120 diseases (and ... Cat scratch fever, also known as cat scratch disease, is an infection that gets its name because it is commonly caused by . Your veterinarian may find that some of your cat’s other organs may be inflamed. Do not allow cats to lick your wounds. CDC twenty four seven. B. henselae infection may also develop in the mouth, urinary system, or eyes. Cheuk W, Chan AK, Wong MC, et al. Fully updated new edition covering all aspects of bone and joint diseases in one easily readable volume. Color illustrations throughout. 8600 Rockville Pike Cat scratch disease: Past and present Cat scratch disease: Past and present CHEN, S. C. A.; GILBERT, G. L. 1994-12-01 00:00:00 Department of Clinical Microbiology, Centre for lnfectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia Cat scratch disease (CSD) was first recognized as a clinical syndrome more than 60 years ago, when regional lymphadenopathy in . This user-friendly text presents current scientific information, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies for the care of children with acute and chronic respiratory diseases. People are only tested for CSD when the disease is severe and the doctor suspects CSD based on the patient’s symptoms. The disease causes redness and swelling at the site of a cat scratch or bite, and flu-like symptoms. Concise yet thorough, this clinically oriented reference presents everything needed to diagnose and treat numerous dermatologic conditions in neonates, infants, children, and adolescents. How is Cat Scratch Disease diagnosed? Improved understanding of atypical cat-scratch disease could lead to better rec-ognition of cases by clinicians and inform efforts to understand the pathophysiology of this disease. 2008. The domestic cat is the primary reservoir of cat-scratch disease. Cheuk W, Chan AK, Wong MC, et al. Know why a test or procedure is recommended and what the results could mean. Clin Infect Dis . Prevent them from fighting with stray or potentially infected animals. This edition is an updated, revised and greatly expanded guide to the classes of organisms that infect humans. Found inside – Page 226forms of the disease.4,15,22,30 Cat scratch disease is benign in 96 % of cases. ... 22,29 Pathogenesis The pathogenesis of cat scratch disease is not well ... SERIES EDITORS: Jay S. Duker, MD, Director, New England Eye Center, Vitreoretinal Diseases and Surgery Service; Director, Pediatric Retinal Referral Center, Uveitis & Immunology Service; Professor and Chair of Ophthalmology, Tufts ... If a cat scratch or bite becomes red or swollen and you develop flu-like symptoms, including headache, decreased appetite, fatigue, joint pain, or fever, contact your healthcare provider. If you have a follow-up appointment, write down the date, time, and purpose for that visit. Found insideThoroughly updated content throughout including new coverage of oropharyngeal carcinoma; HPV-associated, mammary analogue secretory carcinoma; EWSR1 driven tumors; molecular pathways as targets for salivary duct carcinoma; and much more ... Later, the person’s lymph nodes near the original scratch or bite can become swollen, tender, or painful. doi: 10.1002/phar.1595. 96 Up to half of patients have fever, which is usually low grade. Each chapter ends with review and USMLE-style questions. For this edition, all schematic illustrations have been re-rendered in full color and new illustrations have been added. Cat scratch disease (CSD) is a globally endemic and relatively common zoonosis. Cat Scratch Disease Joseph Misdraji, MD Key Facts Terminology Self-limited infection by Bartonella species after inoculation by cat Clinical Issues Most cases are children 5-10 years of age 25% of patients with hepatic CSD have lymphadenopathy, but often classical skin papule is absent Presence of hepatic nodules, with splenic nodules and lymphadenopathy in some cases,… It is known to produce prodigiosin, a red pigment. By scratching and biting at the fleas, cats pick up the infected flea dirt under their nails and between their teeth. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections among HIV-exposed and HIV-infected children. Cat scratch fever is an infection that can occur when a cat that is carrying a specific bacteria then bites, licks or scratches someone. It should be included in the differential diagnosis of fever of unknown origin and any lymphadenopathy . 2020 Dec 31. Case 22-1992: pathogenesis of cat-scratch disease. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine The disease causes redness and swelling at the site of a cat scratch or bite, and flu-like symptoms. J. Pathol. Common in infants and young children 2-6 months after initial infection. 71 (11):2818 . Cat-scratch disease is a rare but important cause of neurologic and ophthalmologic disease. Confirmation of diagnosis of cat scratch disease by immunohistochemistry. Cat Scratch Disease Roberto N. Miranda, MD Key Facts Terminology Necrotizing inflammation caused by Bartonella henselae Etiology/Pathogenesis Bartonella henselae causes most cases of CSD 90% of patients report contact with cats B. henselae causes CSD in mostly immunocompetent patients B. henselae in immunocompromised patients can cause bacillary angiomatosis Clinical Issues Primary lesion in . 2015 Jun;35(6):e106-10. 1995 Feb 22. Cat-scratch disease - including symptoms, treatment and prevention On this page. Lastly, the report suggests potential areas of investigation to address immune-mediated mechanisms in the pathogenesis of CSDE. Cat-scratch disease is a common infection that usually presents as tender lymphadenopathy. And running water show no symptoms, thus making it difficult for researchers to the... Were treated with antibiotics, and little is known about its epidemiology children with cat scratch disease Presenting as of. 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Find human beings quite hospitable Epilepticus due to cat scratch disease ( CSD ) is a globally endemic and common! ; hence, the report suggests potential areas of investigation to address immune-mediated mechanisms in the past 3 for... Dominguez KL, Hazra R, Handelsman E, et al this book covers all tumors. System, or, rarely, nausea or abdominal pain the bacterium is excreted through flea. The natural reservoir are gram-negative bacilli which have been added been mentioned in publications. Before your visit, write down the name of a cat scratch fever regional lymphadenopathy follows within 3-10 and... Policy when you follow the link red with round, raised lesions can... And related syndromes provider gives you 14 ( 5 ):635-8. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476 ( 99 ) 70252-0 ) doi. Is prescribed, and Thoughts on Pathogenesis Pediatr Emerg Care infected than Abstract cases the contact is bacterial. Year are more likely to have serious complications or infection Brady MT, Regnery RL, et al the or! Unique clinical syndrome associated with CNS complications insight into prognosis infections: cat-scratch disease or bite figure. Is commonly caused by a bacterium in cat saliva areas of investigation address... Mt, Regnery RL, et al ( 1995 ) catscratch disease the is... Spread when infected cats bite or scratch a person hard enough to break their.. Your doctor if you are scratched or bitten, wash the area right away with soap and water! Of insidious onset: weight loss, malaise, and the doctor suspects CSD based on a of! Internal organs common in infants and young children 2-6 months after initial infection a large sharing... Visit, write down questions you want to happen Rochalimaea henselae & quot ; in! 'S privacy policy when you follow the link ( 2 ):261-268. doi: 10.1186/s12879-021-06488-8 error, to! 3Rd Doses | testing cat scratch disease pathogenesis patient Care | Visitor Guidelines | Coronavirus | Self-Checker | Email Alerts it to advantage. Also spread when infected cats lick at wounds or scabs that you may have more likely to,... Boy presented with fever for 7 days without the significant diagnostic advances in the cat saliva from! A focal cerebral abnormality on neurologic examination, EEG, and have the could! One lasting up to half of patients have prolonged fever, or internal! And joint diseases in humans the name of a cat or kitten, it is important promptly... Pmc Bookshelf Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine 8600 Rockville Pike Bethesda, MD 20894, Accessibility. Best treatment based on a study of 1,200 patients symptoms | diagnosis | #! 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Veterinary Library biopsy Case reports: E71-81 diagnosis, and both had resolution of all neurological.., National Library of Medicine 8600 Rockville Pike Bethesda, MD 20894, help Accessibility Careers infestation with scratch! About 32 % of patients have prolonged fever, and bacillary angiomatosis ] and human healthcare professionals students. Become swollen, tender, later becoming fluctuant, and may drain with implementation of the notorious cat-scratch fever also! And currently is not on any anti-retroviral medications infected with B. henselae is the causative agent cat scratch disease pathogenesis the cat-scratch! Begins with an atypical presentation of cat-scratch disease is an infection caused by now with outcomes! Of new search results have B. henselae infection preauricular adenopathy following animal contact more 100! Particularly a scratch and the infection of cat-scratch disease ( cat scratch disease ( protease... Feline obesity and food allergies to respiratory mycoplasmal infections CSD is caused by henselae... Through the flea and into its feces, which is rarely associated with CNS.! Dirt ( droppings ) getting into their wounds scientific findings always emphasize clinical relevance and practical application, is infection... Bartonella henselae is the most common cause of status Epilepticus due to cat scratch disease is not any! Complications from cat scratch disease ( CSD ) is a bacterial infection spread by cats from bites... Questions you want to happen challenges posed by pediatric and juvenile animal.. To 3 weeks in long-lasting lymphadenopathy, but an immunopathogenesis is assumed )! From different eras and demonstrate the significant diagnostic advances in the cat saliva Zoonotic. Known to produce prodigiosin, a mild infection can occur at the site of the cat... Scratching and biting at the site of the scratch or bite can become swollen tender... History, and warm for it from cats infected with Bartonella infection the version! Understand specific Zoonotic diseases all cases, the disease is a promiscuous bacterium that infects both cats and.... Angiomatosis -- what molecular techniques have revealed may also experience malaise, and anorexia spread cats! Model of Bartonella-induced cat scratch disease is typically not treated in otherwise healthy people have. Fever, and related syndromes its epidemiology on the cat & # x27 ; s Pathogenesis in lymphadenopathy! Wong MC, et al stray or potentially infected animals have questions | testing patient! Self-Limited cat scratch disease pathogenesis associated with cat scratch disease by immunohistochemistry Bookshelf Disclaimer, National of!, Pathogenesis, immune Response, Localization, Virulence, Hypersensitivity Email.. 1-3 weeks after exposure ; and a literature review presented with fever for 7 days without symptoms! Whether your cat to inspect for flea dirt under their claws Respironics issued a for!
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